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The effect is named after Wilhelm Hanle, who was the first to explain the effect, in terms of classical physics, in Zeitschrift für Physik in 1924. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Initially, the causes of the effect were controversial, and many theorists mistakenly thought it was a version of the Faraday effect .
Sketch of an avoided crossing.The graph represents the energies of the system along a parameter z (which may be vary in time). The dashed lines represent the energies of the diabatic states, which cross each other at z c, and the full lines represent the energy of the adiabatic states (eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian).
In quantum physics and quantum chemistry, an avoided crossing (AC, sometimes called intended crossing, [1] non-crossing or anticrossing) is the phenomenon where two eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix representing a quantum observable and depending on continuous real parameters cannot become equal in value ("cross") except on a manifold of dimension . [2]
This result has many names: the level-crossing phenomenon, recurrence or the gambler's ruin. The reason for the last name is as follows: a gambler with a finite amount of money will eventually lose when playing a fair game against a bank with an infinite amount of money. The gambler's money will perform a random walk, and it will reach zero at ...
In quantum field theory, a branch of theoretical physics, crossing is the property of scattering amplitudes that allows antiparticles to be interpreted as particles going backwards in time. Crossing states that the same formula that determines the S-matrix elements and scattering amplitudes for particle to scatter with and produce particle and ...
Level repulsion is the quantum mechanical equivalent to a repulsion effect in oscillators. [1] A system of two coupled oscillators has two natural frequencies. As the coupling strength between the oscillators increases, the lower frequency decreases and the higher increases.
Illegal crossings surged to their highest-ever level in 2023, with more than 300,000 irregular crossings in December alone. ... It’s as closed as it has been in a very long time."
The plateau principle is a mathematical model or scientific law originally developed to explain the time course of drug action (pharmacokinetics). [1] The principle has wide applicability in pharmacology, physiology, nutrition, biochemistry, and system dynamics.