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Finally, in the third loop, it loops over the items of input again, but in reverse order, moving each item into its sorted position in the output array. [1] [2] [3] The relative order of items with equal keys is preserved here; i.e., this is a stable sort.
An internal iterator is a higher order function (often taking anonymous functions) that traverses a collection while applying a function to each element. For example, Python's map function applies a caller-defined function to each element:
Folds can be regarded as consistently replacing the structural components of a data structure with functions and values. Lists, for example, are built up in many functional languages from two primitives: any list is either an empty list, commonly called nil ([]), or is constructed by prefixing an element in front of another list, creating what is called a cons node ( Cons(X1,Cons(X2,Cons ...
In computing, a linear-feedback shift register (LFSR) is a shift register whose input bit is a linear function of its previous state. The most commonly used linear function of single bits is exclusive-or (XOR). Thus, an LFSR is most often a shift register whose input bit is driven by the XOR of some bits of the overall shift register value.
In mathematics, a monotonic function (or monotone function) is a function between ordered sets that preserves or reverses the given order. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This concept first arose in calculus , and was later generalized to the more abstract setting of order theory .
Higher-order programming is a style of computer programming that uses software components, like functions, modules or objects, as values. It is usually instantiated with, or borrowed from, models of computation such as lambda calculus which make heavy use of higher-order functions. A programming language can be considered higher-order if ...
xorshift+ generators, even as large as xorshift1024+, exhibit some detectable linearity in the low-order bits of their output; [5] it passes BigCrush, but doesn't when the 32 lowest-order bits are used in reverse order from each 64-bit word. [5] This generator is one of the fastest generators passing BigCrush. [12]
If different items have different sort key values then this defines a unique order of the items. Workers sorting parcels in a postal facility. A standard order is often called ascending (corresponding to the fact that the standard order of numbers is ascending, i.e. A to Z, 0 to 9), the reverse order descending (Z to A, 9 to 0).