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Overview of the monitor based verification process as described by Falcone, Havelund and Reger in A Tutorial on Runtime Verification. The broad field of runtime verification methods can be classified by three dimensions: [9] The system can be monitored during the execution itself (online) or after the execution e.g. in form of log analysis ...
Android Runtime (ART) BEAM (Erlang) Common Language Runtime (CLR) and Mono; CPython and PyPy; crt0 (C target-specific initializer) Java virtual machine (JVM) LuaJIT; Objective-C and Swift's; V8 and Node.js; Zend Engine (PHP) Notable compilers & toolchains; GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) LLVM and Clang; MSVC
For example, a precondition—an assertion placed at the beginning of a section of code—determines the set of states under which the programmer expects the code to execute. A postcondition—placed at the end—describes the expected state at the end of execution. For example: x > 0 { x++ } x > 1.
In runtime engine environments such as Java or .NET, there exist tools that attach to the runtime engine and every time that an exception of interest occurs, they record debugging information that existed in memory at the time the exception was thrown (call stack and heap values).
For example, the Rust programming language implements a borrow checker to ensure memory safety, [12] while C and C++ provide no memory safety guarantees. The substantial amount of software written in C and C++ has motivated the development of external static analysis tools like Coverity , which offers static memory analysis for C. [ 13 ]
Common exceptions include an invalid argument (e.g. value is outside of the domain of a function), [5] an unavailable resource (like a missing file, [6] a network drive error, [7] or out-of-memory errors [8]), or that the routine has detected a normal condition that requires special handling, e.g., attention, end of file. [9]
However, dynamic compilation can still technically have compilation errors, [citation needed] although many programmers and sources may identify them as run-time errors. Most just-in-time compilers, such as the Javascript V8 engine, ambiguously refer to compilation errors as syntax errors since they check for them at run time. [1] [2]
Some compiled or interpreted languages provide an interface that allows application code to interact directly with the runtime system. An example is the Thread class in the Java language. The class allows code (that is animated by one thread) to do things such as start and stop other threads.