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Gingivitis is a non-destructive disease that causes inflammation of the gums; [1] ulitis is an alternative term. [2] The most common form of gingivitis, and the most common form of periodontal disease overall, is in response to bacterial biofilms (also called plaque ) that are attached to tooth surfaces, termed plaque-induced gingivitis .
The release of waste products from the bacteria living in the biofilm causes an inflammatory response in the gums which become red and swollen, bleeding easily when disturbed. This is termed plaque-induced gingivitis and represents the most common form of gingival disease. [5]
Prevotella intermedia (formerly Bacteroides intermedius) is a gram-negative, obligate anaerobic pathogenic bacterium involved in periodontal infections, including gingivitis and periodontitis, and often found in acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. It is commonly isolated from dental abscesses, where obligate anaerobes predominate.
Calculus above and below the gum line must be removed completely by the dental hygienist or dentist to treat gingivitis and periodontitis. Although the primary cause of both gingivitis and periodontitis is the microbial plaque that adheres to the tooth surfaces, there are many other modifying factors.
Periodontal pathogens are bacteria that have been shown to significantly contribute to periodontitis. Dental plaque, the precursor of periodontal disease, is a complex biofilm consisting mainly of bacteria, but also archaea, protozoa, fungi and viruses. Viruses that specifically infect bacteria—bacteriophages—are most common in the oral ...
The inflammation pathway of periodontitis is such that as the infection grows, bacteria, including P. gingivalis are targeted by neutrophils and natural killer immune cells. These cells phagocytize the bacteria, while simultaneously cytokine molecules in the area lead to a proinflammatory environment.
There is inflammation due to the bacteria released from the toxins. calculus forms and if not removed, causes this disease. [5] In most cases, the cause of gingival diseases such as gingivitis are due to poor oral hygiene. This is the most common of causes for gingival diseases. though other factors included are: Smoking; Diabetes; Female ...
The bacteria found in the biofilm elicit a host response resulting in localized inflammation of the tissue. [22] This is characterized by the cardinal signs of inflammation including a red, puffy appearance of the gums and bleeding due to brushing or flossing. [23] Gingivitis due to plaque can be reversible by removal of the plaque.
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