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Environmental factors affecting development may include both diet and disease exposure, as well as social, emotional, and cognitive experiences. [57] However, examination of environmental factors also shows that children can survive a fairly broad range of environmental experiences. [56]
Socio-ecological models were developed to further the understanding of the dynamic interrelations among various personal and environmental factors. Socioecological models were introduced to urban studies by sociologists associated with the Chicago School after the First World War as a reaction to the narrow scope of most research conducted by developmental psychologists.
Social emotional development represents a specific domain of child development. It is a gradual, integrative process through which children acquire the capacity to understand, experience, express, and manage emotions and to develop meaningful relationships with others. [ 1 ]
A number of mediating factors play a role in determining the effects divorce has on a child, for example, divorcing families with young children often face harsher consequences in terms of demographic, social, and economic changes than do families with older children. [151]
Holistic development sees the child in the round, as a whole person – physically, emotionally, intellectually, socially, morally, culturally and spiritually. Learning about child development involves studying patterns of growth and development, from which guidelines for 'normal' development are construed.
Childhood and Society was the first of Erikson's books to become popular. [2] The critic Frederick Crews calls the work "a readable and important book extending Freud's developmental theory." [3] The Oxford Handbook of Identity names Erikson as the seminal figure in "the developmental approach of understanding identity". [4]
It is one of three journals published on behalf of the Society for Research in Child Development. The editor-in-chief is Ginger A. Moore ( Pennsylvania State University ). Each issue of Monographs contains a report on one single large-scale study or a group of papers on a common theme, often supplemented with an outside commentary.
It starts when the child begins to learn to speak and lasts up until the age of seven. During the pre-operational stage of cognitive development, Piaget noted that children do not yet understand concrete logic and cannot mentally manipulate information. [38] Children's increase in playing and pretending takes place in this stage.