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Bryoliths document a mutualistic symbiosis between a hermit crab and encrusting bryozoans. Many herbivores have mutualistic gut flora to help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. [5] This gut flora comprises cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. [40]
the nutrient exchange between vascular plants and mycorrhizal fungi, the fertilization of flowering plants by pollinators, the ways plants use fruits and edible seeds to encourage animal aid in seed dispersal, and. the way corals become photosynthetic with the help of the microorganism zooxanthellae.
The black walnut secretes a chemical from its roots that harms neighboring plants, an example of competitive antagonism. In ecology, a biological interaction is the effect that a pair of organisms living together in a community have on each other. They can be either of the same species (intraspecific interactions), or of different species ...
Plant-animal interactions are important pathways for the transfer of energy within ecosystems, where both advantageous and unfavorable interactions support ecosystem health. [1][2] Plant-animal interactions can take on important ecological functions and manifest in a variety of combinations of favorable and unfavorable associations, for example ...
Symbiotic bacteria are able to live in or on plant or animal tissue. In digestive systems, symbiotic bacteria help break down foods that contain fiber. They also help produce vitamins. Symbiotic bacteria can live near hydrothermal vents. They usually have a mutual relationship with other bacteria.
v. t. e. Ecology (from Ancient Greek οἶκος (oîkos) 'house' and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') [A] is the natural science of the relationships among living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels.
Symbiogenesis. In the theory of symbiogenesis, a merger of an archaean and an aerobic bacterium created the eukaryotes, with aerobic mitochondria; a second merger added chloroplasts, creating the green plants. The original theory by Lynn Margulis proposed an additional preliminary merger, but this is poorly supported and not now generally believed.
Photosymbiosis is found in four classes of Porifera (Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, Homoscleromorpha, and Calcarea), and known photosynthetic partners are cyanobacteria, chloroflexi, dinoflagellates, and red (Rhodophyta) and green (Chlorophyta) algae. Relatively little is known about the evolutionary history of sponge photosymbiois due to a lack ...