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The history of ancient Egypt spans the period from the early prehistoric settlements of the northern Nile valley to the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The pharaonic period, the period in which Egypt was ruled by a pharaoh, is dated from the 32nd century BC, when Upper and Lower Egypt were unified, until the country fell under Macedonian rule in 332 BC.
Pharaoh (/ ˈ f ɛər oʊ /, US also / ˈ f eɪ. r oʊ /; [3] Egyptian: pr ꜥꜣ; [note 1] Coptic: ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ, romanized: Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: פַּרְעֹה Parʿō) [4] is the vernacular term often used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt, who ruled from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BCE) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Republic in 30 BCE. [5]
Menes (fl. c. 3200–3000 BC; [1] / ˈmeɪneɪz /; Ancient Egyptian: mnj, probably pronounced * /maˈnij/; [6] Ancient Greek: Μήνης[5] and Μήν [7]) was a pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period of ancient Egypt, credited by classical tradition with having united Upper and Lower Egypt, and as the founder of the First Dynasty. [8]
The First Dynasty of ancient Egypt (Dynasty I) [1] covers the first series of Egyptian kings to rule over a unified Egypt. It immediately follows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, by Menes, or Narmer, [2] and marks the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period, when power was centered at Thinis. The date of this period is subject to ...
Ramesses I. Menpehtyre Ramesses I (or Ramses) was the founding pharaoh of ancient Egypt 's 19th Dynasty. The dates for his short reign are not completely known but the timeline of late 1292–1290 BC is frequently cited [2] as well as 1295–1294 BC. [3] While Ramesses I was the founder of the 19th Dynasty, his brief reign mainly serves to mark ...
Mentuhotep II [85] Mentuhotep II regained all Egypt c. 2015 BC, Middle Kingdom begins, becomes first pharaoh of Middle Kingdom. 2060–2040 BC [31] (King of Upper Egypt only) 2040–2009 BC [31] (King of Upper and Lower Egypt) Sankhkare. Mentuhotep III [86] Commanded the first expedition to Punt of the Middle Kingdom.
Necropolis seal impression of the Egyptian pharaoh Den. Necropolis seal impression of the Egyptian pharaoh, Qa'a. [18] Two necropolis sealings, found in 1985 and 1991 in Abydos (Umm el-Qa'ab), in or near the tombs of Den [19] and Qa'a, [20] show Narmer as the first king on each list, followed by Hor-Aha. The Qa'a sealing lists all eight of the ...
Amyrtaeus' successful rebellion ended the first Achaemenid rule and inaugurated Egypt's last significant phase of independence under native rulers. The Thirtieth Dynasty was the last native ruling dynasty during the Pharaonic epoch. [9] It fell to the Persians again in 343 BC after the last native Pharaoh, King Nectanebo II, was defeated in ...