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The genome and proteins of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) have been the subject of extensive research since the discovery of the virus in 1983. [1] [2] "In the search for the causative agent, it was initially believed that the virus was a form of the Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), which was known at the time to affect the human immune system and cause certain leukemias.
Structure of the RNA genome of HIV-1. The RNA genome consists of at least seven structural landmarks (LTR, TAR, RRE, PE, SLIP, CRS, and INS), and nine genes (gag, pol, and env, tat, rev, nef, vif, vpr, vpu, and sometimes a tenth tev, which is a fusion of tat, env and rev), encoding 19 proteins.
HIV's enzyme for inserting the DNA version of its genome into the host cell DNA is called its "integrase". HIV-1 integrase catalyzes the “cut-and-paste” action of clipping the host DNA and joining the proviral genome to the clipped ends. This protein, which is 288 amino acids in length, contains three “domains”, in this order: [citation ...
Virions contain one molecule of (each) linear positive-sense single stranded RNA. Total genome length is of one monomer ranges from 8k-10k nt (depending on the virus). Genome sequence has terminal repeated sequences; long terminal repeats (LTR) (of about 600 nt) The 5' end of the genome has a cap; Cap sequence of type 1 m7G5ppp5'GmpNp
Following synthesis of HIV's doubled stranded DNA genome, integrase binds to the long tandem repeats flanking the genome on both ends. Using its endonucleolytic activity, integrase cleaves a di or trinucleotide from both 3' ends of the genome in a processing known as 3'-processing. [ 11 ]
The retroviral psi packaging element, also known as the Ψ RNA packaging signal, is a cis-acting RNA element identified in the genomes of the retroviruses Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [1] and Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). [2] It is involved in regulating the essential process of packaging the retroviral RNA genome into the viral ...
Reverse transcriptase. Crystallographic structure of HIV -1 reverse transcriptase where the two subunits p51 and p66 are colored and the active sites of polymerase and nuclease are highlighted. [1] A reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme used to convert RNA genome to DNA, a process termed reverse transcription.
The rev response element (RRE) is a 240 base-pair sequence located in the second intron of the HIV-1 genome, immediately downstream of the env gene. [18] The RRE remains functional if translocated, but needs to remain in the same orientation (cannot be inverted). The RRE is retained by incompletely processed mRNA transcripts.