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In 2018, global commercial operations generated 2.4% of all CO 2 emissions. [3] Jet airliners have become 70% more fuel efficient between 1967 and 2007, and CO 2 emissions per revenue ton-kilometer (RTK) in 2018 were 47% of those in 1990. In 2018, CO 2 emissions averaged 88 grams of CO 2 per revenue passenger per km.
The global warming potential (GWP) is defined as an "index measuring the radiative forcing following an emission of a unit mass of a given substance, accumulated over a chosen time horizon, relative to that of the reference substance, carbon dioxide (CO 2). The GWP thus represents the combined effect of the differing times these substances ...
Radiative forcing is defined in the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report as follows: "The change in the net, downward minus upward, radiative flux (expressed in W/m 2) due to a change in an external driver of climate change, such as a change in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2), the concentration of volcanic aerosols or the output of the Sun." [3]: 2245
This warming gets amplified by the net effect of climate feedbacks. Climate sensitivity is a key measure in climate science and describes how much Earth's surface will warm for a doubling in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) concentration. [ 1 ][ 2 ] Its formal definition is: "The change in the surface temperature in response to a change in ...
In Earth's atmosphere, carbon dioxide is a trace gas that plays an integral part in the greenhouse effect, carbon cycle, photosynthesis and oceanic carbon cycle. It is one of three main greenhouse gases in the atmosphere of Earth. Water vapor is the primary greenhouse gas, as of 2010, contributing 50% of the greenhouse effect, followed by ...
There is a strong scientific consensus that greenhouse effect due to carbon dioxide is a main driver of climate change. Following is an illustrative model meant for a pedagogical purpose, showing the main physical determinants of the effect. Under this understanding, global warming is determined by a simple energy budget: In the long run, Earth ...
Scientists warn that if carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise at their current rates, Earth’s temperatures could increase dramatically in future decades, leading to catastrophic and irreversible climate change. The 10 largest emitters produced about 26.4 gigatons of carbon dioxide in 2013.
At an altitude over 43,000 ft (13,000 m), where the ambient oxygen concentration is equivalent to a concentration of 3.6% at sea level, an average individual can perform flying duties efficiently for only 9 to 12 seconds without oxygen supplementation. [9] The US Air Force trains air crews to recognize their subjective signs of approaching hypoxia.