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Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by the four motor symptoms found in Parkinson's disease: tremor, bradykinesia (slowed movements), rigidity, and postural instability. [1] [2] Parkinsonism gait problems can lead to falls and serious physical injuries. Other common symptoms include:
Four motor symptoms are considered cardinal signs in PD: slowness of movement (bradykinesia), tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. [1] Typical for PD is an initial asymmetric distribution of these symptoms, where in the course of the disease, a gradual progression to bilateral symptoms develops, although some asymmetry usually persists.
Accurate diagnosis of these Parkinson-plus syndromes is improved when precise diagnostic criteria are used. [2] Since diagnosis of individual Parkinson-plus syndromes is difficult, the prognosis is often poor. Proper diagnosis of these neurodegenerative disorders is important as individual treatments vary depending on the condition.
Frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative tauopathy and Parkinson plus syndrome. [3] FTDP-17 is caused by mutations in the MAPT (microtubule associated protein tau) gene located on the q arm of chromosome 17, and has three cardinal features: behavioral and personality changes, cognitive impairment, and motor symptoms.
The four cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's—bradykinesia (slowed movements), postural instability, rigidity, and tremor—are called parkinsonism. [9] [10] These four symptoms are not exclusive to Parkinson's and can occur in many other conditions, [11] [12] including HIV infection and recreational drug use.
The signs, symptoms and cognitive profile of PDD are similar to those of DLB; [2] DLB and PDD are clinically similar after dementia occurs in Parkinson's disease. [5] Parkinson's disease is a risk factor for PDD; it speeds up decline in cognition leading to PDD. [2] Up to 78% of people with PD have dementia. [2]
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