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Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by the four motor symptoms found in Parkinson's disease: tremor, bradykinesia (slowed movements), rigidity, and postural instability. [1] [2] Parkinsonism gait problems can lead to falls and serious physical injuries. Other common symptoms include:
Four motor symptoms are considered cardinal signs in PD: slowness of movement (bradykinesia), tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. [1] Typical for PD is an initial asymmetric distribution of these symptoms, where in the course of the disease, a gradual progression to bilateral symptoms develops, although some asymmetry usually persists.
Parkinson-plus syndromes (PPS) are a group of neurodegenerative [1] diseases featuring the classical features of Parkinson's disease (tremor, rigidity, akinesia/bradykinesia, and postural instability) with additional features that distinguish them from simple idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD).
Parkinson's disease starts as a movement disorder, but progresses in most cases to include dementia and changes in mood and behavior. [6] The signs, symptoms and cognitive profile of PDD are similar to those of DLB; [2] DLB and PDD are clinically similar after dementia occurs in Parkinson's disease. [5]
Parkinsonian gait (or festinating gait, from Latin festinare [to hurry]) is the type of gait exhibited by patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). [2] It is often described by people with Parkinson's as feeling like being stuck in place, when initiating a step or turning, and can increase the risk of falling. [3]
It is rate-dependent and only elicited upon a high-speed movement. These various forms of rigidity can be seen in different forms of movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. Postural instability: A disturbance in balance that impairs the ability to maintain an upright posture when standing and walking.
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is a form of dyskinesia associated with levodopa (l-DOPA), used to treat Parkinson's disease. It often involves hyperkinetic movements, including chorea, dystonia, and athetosis. [1] In the context of Parkinson's disease (PD), dyskinesia is often the result of long-term dopamine therapy.
A number of conditions can feature dysautonomia, such as Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, dementia with Lewy bodies, [6] Ehlers–Danlos syndromes, [7] autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy and autonomic neuropathy, [8] HIV/AIDS, [9] mitochondrial cytopathy, [10] pure autonomic failure, autism, and postural orthostatic tachycardia ...