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Horizontal gene transfer is a potential confounding factor in inferring phylogenetic trees based on the sequence of one gene. [163] For example, given two distantly related bacteria that have exchanged a gene a phylogenetic tree including those species will show them to be closely related because that gene is the same even though most other ...
A transcription factor is a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences (enhancer or promoter), either alone or with other proteins in a complex, to control the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA by promoting (serving as an activator) or blocking (serving as a repressor) the recruitment of RNA polymerase.
An implication of this is that transcription factors can regulate themselves. For example, in a negative feedback loop, the transcription factor acts as its own repressor: If the transcription factor protein binds the DNA of its own gene, it down-regulates the production of more of itself. This is one mechanism to maintain low levels of a ...
transcription factor – a substance, such as a protein, that contributes to the cause of a specific biochemical reaction or bodily process; promoter – a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene; Sigma factor – specialized bacterial co-factors that complex with RNA Polymerase and encode sequence specificity
Transformation is one of three processes that lead to horizontal gene transfer, in which exogenous genetic material passes from one bacterium to another, the other two being conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact) and transduction (injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage virus into the host ...
Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA for the purpose of gene expression. Some segments of DNA are transcribed into RNA molecules that can encode proteins, called messenger RNA (mRNA). Other segments of DNA are transcribed into RNA molecules called non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs).
Gene transfer agents (GTAs) are DNA-containing virus-like particles that are produced by some bacteria and archaea and mediate horizontal gene transfer. Different GTA types have originated independently from viruses in several bacterial and archaeal lineages.
An example is the viral transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another and hence an example of horizontal gene transfer. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ page needed ] Transduction does not require physical contact between the cell donating the DNA and the cell receiving the DNA (which occurs in conjugation ), and it is DNase resistant ( transformation is ...