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Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) is a molecular biology reagent. This compound is a molecular mimic of allolactose , a lactose metabolite that triggers transcription of the lac operon , and it is therefore used to induce protein expression where the gene is under the control of the lac operator .
IPTG is a reagent which mimics the structure of allolactose, and can therefore bind to the lac repressor and prevent it from inhibiting gene expression. Once enough IPTG is added, the T7 gene is normally transcribed and so transcription of the gene of interest downstream of the T7 promoter also begins. [6]
Neuroplasticity is the process by which neurons adapt to a disturbance over time, and most often occurs in response to repeated exposure to stimuli. [27] Aerobic exercise increases the production of neurotrophic factors [note 1] (e.g., BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF) which mediate improvements in cognitive functions and various forms of memory by promoting blood vessel formation in the brain, adult ...
A comparison [5] between LTP induced by two spaced trains of stimuli and LTP induced by four trains in wild-type mice showed that LTP induced by two trains decays faster than the one induced by one train and slower than the one induced by four trains. Moreover, the LTP induced by two trains is only partially impaired by protein kinase A (PKA ...
PTSD affects the verbal memory of the traumatic event, but does not affect the memory in general. [41] One of the ways traumatic stress affects individuals is that the traumatic event tends to disrupt the stream of memories people obtain through life, creating memories that do not blend in with the rest.
The effect of seizures on memory are often categorized with respect to their intensity and the cortical areas they affect. Epileptic patients, especially those who suffer from temporal lobe epilepsy, often experience deficits in memory encoding and retrieval, developing anterograde and retrograde amnesia. [ 8 ]
Expression of IEG c-Fos in neurons responding to stimulation with potassium treatment. Some IEGs such as ZNF268 and Arc have been implicated in learning and memory and long-term potentiation. [12] [13] A wide range of neuronal stimulation have been shown to induce IEG expression ranging from sensory and behavioral to drug-induced convulsions. [9]
Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to quickly and specifically recognize an antigen that the body has previously encountered and initiate a corresponding immune response. Generally, they are secondary, tertiary and other subsequent immune responses to the same antigen.