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Figure 1. This BLM map depicts the principal meridians and baselines used for surveying states (colored) in the PLSS. The following are the principal and guide meridians and base lines of the United States, with the year established and a brief summary of what areas' land surveys are based on each.
A circle of latitude or line of latitude on Earth is an abstract east–west small circle connecting all locations around Earth (ignoring elevation) at a given latitude coordinate line. Circles of latitude are often called parallels because they are parallel to each other; that is, planes that contain any of these circles never intersect each ...
The latitude φ of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to) the center of the Earth. [note 2] Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the Equator and to each ...
Although Aristotle's map was oversimplified, the general idea was correct. Today, the most commonly used climate map is the Köppen climate classification , developed by Russian climatologist of German descent and amateur botanist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940), which divides the world into five major climate regions, based on average annual ...
Even as equipment/techniques improved, the initial surveyed line still remains the official border, [2] which is why the extreme points may be either side of the agreed-upon line. The 49th parallel was agreed to be the border between the United States and British North America (later Canada) from Lake of the Woods to the Strait of Juan de Fuca ...
The meridian 70° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, South America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 70th meridian west forms a great circle with the 110th meridian east.
States that are long in the east–west direction are typically divided into zones that are also long east–west. These zones use the Lambert conformal conic projection , because it is good at maintaining accuracy along an east–west axis, due to the projection cone intersecting the Earth's surface along two lines of latitude.
The meridian 98° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 98th meridian west forms a great circle with the 82nd meridian east.