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Debris flow channel with deposits left after 2010 storms in Ladakh, NW Indian Himalaya. Coarse bouldery levees form the channel sides. Poorly sorted rocks lie on the channel floor. Debris flow in Saint-Julien-Mont-Denis, France, July 2013 Scars formed by debris flow in Ventura, greater Los Angeles during the winter of 1983. The photograph was ...
1/5 of the rock debris excavated for the tunnel was recycled and used as aggregates for the concrete lining inside the tunnel. In an average tunnel project the excavated rock is mostly regarded as waste. In most cases it is given away or used in a landfill. Starting up a facility for recycling the rock debris is hugely expensive.
Debris flow deposits are characterized by a bimodal distribution of grain sizes, in which larger grains and/or clasts float within a matrix of fine-grained clay. Because the muddy matrix has cohesive strength, unusually large clasts may be able to float on top of the muddy material making up the flow matrix, and thereby end up preserved on the ...
Unconsolidated or weak debris are more susceptible to mass wasting, as are materials that lose cohesion when wetted. Stratigraphy, such as thinly bedded rock or alternating beds of weak and strong or impermeable or permiable rock lithologies. Faults or other geologic structures that weaken the rock. Topography, such as steep slopes or cliffs.
A hyperconcentrated-flow lahar can leave even frail huts standing, while at the same time burying them in mud, [8] which can harden to near-concrete hardness. A lahar's viscosity decreases the longer it flows and can be further thinned by rain, producing a quicksand -like mixture that can remain fluidized for weeks and complicate search and rescue.
Large masses of material are moved in debris flows, hyperconcentrated mixtures of mud, clasts that range up to boulder-size, and water. Debris flows move as granular flows down steep mountain valleys and washes. Because they transport sediment as a granular mixture, their transport mechanisms and capacities scale differently from those of ...
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They typically result from heavy and prolonged rainfall, and are characterized by high velocities and capacity for sediment transport. Flows cover the range from floods through hyperconcentrated flows to debris flows, depending on the volume of sediments in the flow. Debris flows resemble freshly poured concrete, consisting mostly of coarse debris.