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North American Indian Jewelry and Adornment: From Prehistory to the Present. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1999: 170-171. ISBN 0-8109-3689-5. Haley, James L. Apaches: a history and culture portrait. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-8061-2978-5. Karasik, Carol. The Turquoise Trail: Native American Jewelry and Culture of the ...
Effie Calavaza was born in 1927 in Zuni, New Mexico as Effie Lankeseon, [4] [5] where she lived her entire life. [6] She married Juan Calavaza (1910–1970), also a jewelry artist, who taught her the art.
The Indian Wars of the early 18th century, combined with the increasing importation of African slaves, effectively ended the Native American slave trade by 1750. Colonists found that Native American slaves could easily escape, as they knew the country. The wars cost the lives of numerous colonial slave traders and disrupted their early societies.
Hand chains, an Arab wrist bracelet joined to a ring by a chain. A bracelet worn by a slave (this meaning comes from BDSM fiction, e.g. John Norman's Gor series of novels; in this context, it may be a colloquial term for handcuffs). A pair of slave bracelets dating from the 1920s. Slave bracelets are a piece of jewelry associated with several ...
The beads were integrated in Native American jewelry using various beadwork techniques. Trade beads were also used by early Europeans to purchase African resources, [2] including slaves in the African slave trade. Aggry beads are a particular type of decorated glass bead from Ghana. The practice continued until the early twentieth century.
By 1715 the Native American slave population in the Carolina colony was estimated at 1,850. [11] Prior to 1720, when it ended the Native American slave trade, Carolina exported as many or more Native American slaves than it imported Africans. [3] [4] [5] This trade system involved the Westo tribe, who had previously come down from further north.
The debt of a ransomed Native American (a genízaro), often a child, was usually 10 to 20 years of service to the person paying the ransom. Young women were especially prized. The experience of most ransomed Native Americans was "bondage on a continuum that ranged from near slavery to familial incorporation, but few shed the stigma of servility".
Metal bracelets and leg bands were the principal 'money' and they were usually worn by women to display their husband's wealth. Early Portuguese traders thus found a preexisting and very convenient willingness to accept unlimited numbers of these 'bracelets', and they are referred to by Duarte Pacheco Pereira who made voyages in the 1490s to ...