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In order to flatten the steep learning curve aqion provides an introduction to fundamental water-related topics in form of a "chemical pocket calculator". Second. The program mediates between two terminological concepts: The calculations are performed in the "scientific realm" of thermodynamics (activities, speciation, log K values, ionic ...
However, when the ionic strength is changed the measured equilibrium constant will also change, so there is a need to estimate individual (single ion) activity coefficients. Debye–Hückel theory provides a means to do this, but it is accurate only at very low concentrations. Hence the need for an extension to Debye–Hückel theory.
A spectator ion is an ion that exists both as a reactant and a product in a chemical equation of an aqueous solution. [1] For example, in the reaction of aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate and copper(II) sulfate: 2 Na + + CO 2− 3 (aq) + Cu 2+ (aq) + SO 2− 4 (aq) → 2 Na + (aq) + SO 2− 4 (aq) + CuCO 3
In physics, the Saha ionization equation is an expression that relates the ionization state of a gas in thermal equilibrium to the temperature and pressure. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The equation is a result of combining ideas of quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics and is used to explain the spectral classification of stars.
Pitzer equations [1] are important for the understanding of the behaviour of ions dissolved in natural waters such as rivers, lakes and sea-water. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] They were first described by physical chemist Kenneth Pitzer . [ 5 ]
For typical ionic solids, the cations are smaller than the anions, and each cation is surrounded by coordinated anions which form a polyhedron.The sum of the ionic radii determines the cation-anion distance, while the cation-anion radius ratio + / (or /) determines the coordination number (C.N.) of the cation, as well as the shape of the coordinated polyhedron of anions.
A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactant entities are given on the left-hand side and the product entities are on the right-hand side with a plus sign between the entities in both the reactants and the products, and an arrow that points towards the products to show the direction of the reaction. [1]
The Poisson–Boltzmann equation describes a model proposed independently by Louis Georges Gouy and David Leonard Chapman in 1910 and 1913, respectively. [3] In the Gouy-Chapman model, a charged solid comes into contact with an ionic solution, creating a layer of surface charges and counter-ions or double layer. [4]