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Psychology Today is an American media organization with a focus on psychology and human behavior. The publication began as a bimonthly magazine, which first appeared in 1967. The print magazine's reported circulation is 275,000 as of 2023. [ 2 ]
The International Non-Profit Credit Rating Agency (INCRA for short) was a project to reform the assessment of states' creditworthiness. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was intended to serve as a non-profit alternative to the commercially oriented rating agencies .
Mercantile credit agencies—the precursors of today's rating agencies—were established in the wake of the financial crisis of 1837. These agencies rated the ability of merchants to pay their debts and consolidated these ratings in published guides. [8] The first such agency was established in 1841 by Lewis Tappan in New York City.
In the wake of the financial crisis, the Financial Crisis Inquiry Report [6] called out the "failures" of the Big Three rating agencies as "essential cogs in the wheel of financial destruction". According to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, [7] The three credit rating agencies were key enablers of the financial meltdown.
The credit rating represents an evaluation from a credit rating agency of the qualitative and quantitative information for the prospective debtor, including information provided by the prospective debtor and other non-public information obtained by the credit rating agency's analysts. Credit reporting (or credit score) is a subset of credit rating.
Among these books are: the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (and a concise version titled Concise Rules of APA Style), which is the official guide to APA style; [18] [19] the APA Dictionary of Psychology; [20] an eight-volume Encyclopedia of Psychology; [21] and many scholarly books on specific subjects such as ...
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The ratings agencies were heavily involved in the markets that enabled the subprime credit bubble of 2000-2008 and the subsequent financial crisis.In 1984 the federal government of the United States passed the Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act (SMMEA) to improve the marketability of private-label (non-agency) mortgage-backed securities, [7] which declared NRSRO AA-rated mortgage-backed ...