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In mathematics and computer science, graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up of vertices (also called nodes or points ) which are connected by edges (also called arcs , links or lines ).
The bottom type in type theory, which is the bottom element in the subtype relation. This may coincide with the empty type , which represents absurdum under the Curry–Howard correspondence The "undefined value" in quantum physics interpretations that reject counterfactual definiteness , as in ( r 0 ,⊥)
The graphs can be used together to determine the economic equilibrium (essentially, to solve an equation). Simple graph used for reading values: the bell-shaped normal or Gaussian probability distribution, from which, for example, the probability of a man's height being in a specified range can be derived, given data for the adult male population.
A graph with three vertices and three edges. A graph (sometimes called an undirected graph to distinguish it from a directed graph, or a simple graph to distinguish it from a multigraph) [4] [5] is a pair G = (V, E), where V is a set whose elements are called vertices (singular: vertex), and E is a set of unordered pairs {,} of vertices, whose elements are called edges (sometimes links or lines).
1. The relation between two vertices that are both endpoints of the same edge. [2] 2. The relation between two distinct edges that share an end vertex. [5] α For a graph G, α(G) (using the Greek letter alpha) is its independence number (see independent), and α′(G) is its matching number (see matching). alternating
A graph of a function is a special case of a relation. In the modern foundations of mathematics , and, typically, in set theory , a function is actually equal to its graph. [ 1 ] However, it is often useful to see functions as mappings , [ 2 ] which consist not only of the relation between input and output, but also which set is the domain, and ...
The edge relation [note 1] of a tournament graph is always a connected relation on the set of ' s vertices. If a strongly connected relation is symmetric, it is the universal relation. A relation is strongly connected if, and only if, it is connected and reflexive. [proof 1]
The yellow directed acyclic graph is the condensation of the blue directed graph. It is formed by contracting each strongly connected component of the blue graph into a single yellow vertex. If each strongly connected component is contracted to a single vertex, the resulting graph is a directed acyclic graph, the condensation of G.