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The Caledonian orogeny was a mountain-building cycle recorded in the northern parts of the British Isles, the Scandinavian Caledonides, Svalbard, eastern Greenland and parts of north-central Europe. The Caledonian orogeny encompasses events that occurred from the Ordovician to Early Devonian , roughly 490–390 million years ago ( Ma ).
The Scandinavian Caledonides are the vestiges of an ancient, today deeply eroded orogenic belt formed during the Silurian–Devonian continental collision of Baltica and Laurentia, which is referred to as the Scandian phase of the Caledonian orogeny. [11] The size of the Scandinavian Caledonides at the time of their formation can be compared ...
The Scandian orogeny was an orogeny mountain building event, preserved in the rocks of eastern Greenland, eastern Svalbard, northern Scotland and much of the coast of Norway. The orogeny occurred from 435 to 410 million years ago, as Baltica and Laurentia collided.
The Sveconorwegian orogeny was an orogenic system active 1140 to 960 million years ago and currently exposed as the Sveconorwegian orogenic belt in southwestern Sweden and southern Norway. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In Norway the orogenic belt is exposed southeast of the front of the Caledonian nappe system and in nappe windows . [ 3 ]
The Svecofennian orogeny [note 1] is a series of related orogenies that resulted in the formation of much of the continental crust in what is today Sweden and Finland along with minor parts of Russia, mainly within what is today the Republic of Karelia.
Taconic orogeny. Algoman orogeny, also known as Kenoran orogeny – Late Archaean episode of mountain building in what is now North America – Superior province, South Dakota to Lake Huron, late Archean Eon (2700–2500 Ma) Wopmay orogeny – Mountain-building event in northern Canada – Along western edge of Canadian shield, (2100–1900 Ma)
Note that Scandinavian Caledonides were just one branch of the Caledonian orogeny that affected much of what is now Europe. Most of the rocks of the Scandinavian Mountains are Caledonian, which means they were put in place by the Caledonian orogeny. Caledonian rocks overlie rocks of the much older Svecokarelian and Sveconorwegian provinces.
Despite intense reworking during the Caledonian orogeny in some areas, three major belts can be recognised in the Proterozoic rocks of Norway, the Neoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic Gothian and Sveconorwegian, the Palaeoproterozoic Svecokarelian and the intervening Transscandinavian Igneous Belt of late Palaeoproterozoic age