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Field drainage systems are differentiated in surface and subsurface field drainage systems. Sometimes (e.g., in irrigated , submerged rice fields ), a form of temporary drainage is required whereby the drainage system is allowed to function only on certain occasions (e.g., during the harvest period).
The design of subsurface drainage systems in terms layout, depth and spacing of the drains is often done using subsurface drainage equations with parameters like drain depth, depth of the water table, soil depth, hydraulic conductivity of the soil and drain discharge. The drain discharge is found from an agricultural water balance.
There are two types of drainage systems that are used by farmers: [4] Surface drainage: Facilitated by ditches and by maintaining natural channels to allow water to move downward by the force of gravity. Subsurface drainage: Built by burying pipes underground to remove excess water from the soil profile. Subsurface drainage is widely used by ...
Vertical drainage systems are drainage systems using pumped wells, either open dug wells or tube wells. Map of a well field for subsurface drainage with radial flow across concentrical cylinders representing the equipotentials. Both systems serve the same purposes, namely water table control and soil salinity control. Both systems can ...
For salinity control in such a case, annually an amount of drainage water is to be discharged from the aquifer by means of a subsurface drainage system and disposed of through a safe outlet. The drainage system may be horizontal (i.e. using pipes, tile drains or ditches) or vertical ( drainage by wells ).
A diagram of a traditional French drain. A French drain [1] (also known by other names including trench drain, blind drain, [1] rubble drain, [1] and rock drain [1]) is a trench filled with gravel or rock, or both, with or without a perforated pipe that redirects surface water and groundwater away from an area.
Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is a hydrologic process, where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an aquifer. This process usually occurs in the vadose zone below plant roots and is often expressed as a flux to the water table surface.
A drainage equation is an equation describing the relation between depth and spacing of parallel subsurface drains, depth of the watertable, depth and hydraulic conductivity of the soils. It is used in drainage design. Parameters in Hooghoudt's drainage equation. A well known steady-state drainage
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