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(The latter are more properly described as packaged terminal heat pumps or PTHP). PTACs with support for external heating through a hydronic heating coil or natural gas heating also exist. Typical PTAC heating and cooling capacity values range from 7,000–19,000 BTU /h (2 to 5.5 kilowatts ) nominal.
These heat pumps are also preferred for pool heating. Heat pumps typically only heat water to about 55 °C (131 °F) efficiently, whereas boilers typically operate at 65–95 °C (149–203 °F) [citation needed]. The size of radiators designed for the higher temperatures achieved by boilers may be too small for use with heat pumps, requiring ...
An air source heat pump can be used to air condition the building during hot weather, and to warm the building using heat extracted from outdoor air in cold weather. Air-source heat pumps are generally uneconomic for outdoor temperatures much below freezing. In colder climates, geothermal heat pumps can be used to extract heat from the ground ...
This "subsystem" is vital to the performance and basic operation of the overall HVAC system. The DDC system is the "brain" of the HVAC system. It dictates the position of every damper and valve in a system. It determines which fans, pumps, and chiller run and at what speed or capacity.
Electrical heaters are often used as backup or supplemental heat for heat pump systems. The heat pump gained popularity in the 1950s in Japan and the United States. [14] Heat pumps can extract heat from various sources, such as environmental air, exhaust air from a building, or from the ground. Heat pumps transfer heat from outside the ...
Central heating systems: These systems produce heat in one central location and distribute it throughout the building. This category includes furnaces, boilers, and heat pumps. [1] [2] Distributed heating systems: These systems generate heat in the space they are to heat, without extensive duct systems. Examples include electric space heaters ...
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Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and mathematical models for heat pump, air conditioning and refrigeration systems. [1] A heat pump is a mechanical system that transmits heat from one location (the "source") at a certain temperature to another location (the "sink" or "heat sink") at a higher temperature. [2]