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  2. Hepatic encephalopathy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy

    Ball and stick model of ammonia; one nitrogen atom with three hydrogen atoms. Accumulation of ammonia in the bloodstream is associated with hepatic encephalopathy. There are various explanations why liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting might lead to encephalopathy.

  3. Hyperammonemia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperammonemia

    Hyperammonemia, or high ammonia levels, is a metabolic disturbance characterised by an excess of ammonia in the blood. Severe hyperammonemia is a dangerous condition that may lead to brain injury and death. It may be primary or secondary. Ammonia is a substance that contains nitrogen. It is a product of the catabolism of protein.

  4. Cirrhosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis

    Ammonia is normally metabolized by the liver; as cirrhosis causes both decreased liver function and increased portosystemic shunting (allowing blood to bypass the liver), systemic ammonia levels gradually rise and lead to encephalopathy. [137] Most pharmaceutical approaches to treating hepatic encephalopathy focus on reducing ammonia levels. [138]

  5. Ammonia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia

    The liver converts ammonia to urea through a series of reactions known as the urea cycle. Liver dysfunction, such as that seen in cirrhosis, may lead to elevated amounts of ammonia in the blood (hyperammonemia). Likewise, defects in the enzymes responsible for the urea cycle, such as ornithine transcarbamylase, lead to hyperammonemia.

  6. Liver - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver

    The liver is a major metabolic organ exclusively found in vertebrate animals, ... ammonia detoxification, and bile production and secretion. ...

  7. Acute liver failure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_liver_failure

    Patients presenting as acute and hyperacute liver failure are at greater risk of developing cerebral edema and grade IV encephalopathy. The pathogenesis remains unclear, but is likely to be a consequence of several phenomena. There is a buildup of toxic substances like ammonia, mercaptan, serotonin and tryptophan in the brain.

  8. Fetor hepaticus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetor_hepaticus

    Fetor hepaticus or foetor hepaticus (Latin, "liver stench" ("fetid liver") [1] (see spelling differences), also known as breath of the dead or hepatic foetor, is a condition seen in portal hypertension where portosystemic shunting allows thiols to pass directly into the lungs.

  9. Deamination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamination

    Ammonia is toxic to the human system, and enzymes convert it to urea or uric acid by addition of carbon dioxide molecules (which is not considered a deamination process) in the urea cycle, which also takes place in the liver. Urea and uric acid can safely diffuse into the blood and then be excreted in urine.

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