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Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; conjugate base perfluorooctanoate; also known colloquially as C8, for its 8-carbon chain structure) is a perfluorinated carboxylic acid produced and used worldwide as an industrial surfactant in chemical processes and as a material feedstock.
2016 The EPA "published a voluntary health advisory for PFOA and PFOS" which warned that "exposure to the chemicals at levels above 70 parts per trillion, total, could be dangerous." [71] 2016 The city of Lake Elmo, Minnesota, sued 3M a second time for polluting their drinking water with PFAS chemicals.
This new value is a relatively significant increase from previous levels that were believed to be safe. In 2009, a level of 0.04 parts per billion of PFOA and PFOS was considered to be a potential hazard for drinking water by the EPA. [18] In 2012, the EPA passed the Third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 3). [19]
The state added PFOA to its Proposition 65 list of chemicals that are known to cause reproductive toxicity in 2017 and to the list known to cause cancer in 2022. But it's one of only around a ...
PFOA was reduced from 70 ppt to 0.004 ppt, while PFOS was reduced from 70 ppt to 0.02 ppt. A safe level for the compound GenX was set at 10 ppt, while that for PFBS was set at 2000 ppt. While not enforceable, these health advisories are intended to be acted on by states in setting their own drinking water standards.
Wyre Council said ICI, and subsequent site owner AGC Chemicals, were permitted to use PFOA from the 1950s to 2012. The substance was used in everyday items like non-stick pans and waterproof clothing.
Examples include PFOA and PFOS, frequently present in water-resistant textiles and sprays conferring water-resistant properties to textiles and fire-fighting foam. [3] Data from animal studies of PFOA indicate that it can cause several types of tumors and neonatal death and may have toxic effects on the immune, liver, and endocrine systems.
Those surveyed had a range of PFOA levels from 0.2-22,412 μg/L, with a median exposure of 28.2 μg/L. [30] These levels were significantly higher than the levels detected in the general American population, which had a median exposure of 3.9μg/L. [30] Results from the study concluded that PFOA exposure was linked to pancreatic cancer and ...