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Kidney toxicity [5] associated with kidney failure; associated with development of cancer, particularly of the urinary tract, known carcinogen [8] [9] Atractylate Atractylis gummifera: Liver damage, [3] nausea, vomiting, epigastric and abdominal pain, diarrhoea, anxiety, headache and convulsions, often followed by coma [10]
Marjoram (/ ˈ m ɑːr dʒ ər ə m /, [2] Origanum majorana) is a cold-sensitive perennial herb or undershrub with sweet pine and citrus flavours. In some Middle Eastern countries, marjoram is synonymous with oregano, and there the names sweet marjoram and knotted marjoram are used to distinguish it from other plants of the genus Origanum.
The seeds and seed heads of this common garden weed may contain the alkaloids temuline and loliine. Some experts also point to the fungus ergot or fungi of the genus Endoconidium, both of which grow on the seed heads of rye grasses, as an additional source of toxicity. [157] Lupinus spp. lupin, lupine Fabaceae: Some varieties have edible seeds.
When ingested, pulegone targets the liver and kidney, among other organs. Studies conducted on rats show that one of the main effects is the inhibition of contractile activity in the myometrium and death by kidney failure. The studies also found that long-term exposure to pennyroyal increased incidences of urinary bladder tumors. [36]
The discovery of tocotrienols was first reported by Pennock and Whittle in 1964, describing the isolation of tocotrienols from rubber. [13] The biological significance of tocotrienols was clearly delineated in the early 1980s, when its ability to lower cholesterol was first reported by Asaf Qureshi and Elson in the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. [14]
Origanum dictamnus, the dittany of Crete, Cretan dittany or hop marjoram, is a tender perennial plant that grows 20–30 cm high. It is known in Greek as δίκταμο ( díktamo , cf. " dittany ") or in the Cretan dialect as έρωντας ( erontas , "love").
Children are particularly vulnerable to aflatoxin exposure, which is linked to immune suppression, stunted growth, [4] delayed development, [5] aflatoxicosis, [6] and liver cancer. Some studies have reported an association between childhood stunting and aflatoxin exposure, although this link has not been consistently detected in all studies.
A. flavus growth on spices produces low concentrations of aflatoxin as long as the spices remain dry. [21] Species sensitivity is highly variable when exposed to aflatoxins. Rainbow trout are highly sensitive at 20 ppb, causing liver tumor development in half the population. White rats develop liver cancer when exposed to 15 ppb. [21]