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Mass–energy equivalence arose from special relativity as a paradox described by the French polymath Henri Poincaré (1854–1912). [4] Einstein was the first to propose the equivalence of mass and energy as a general principle and a consequence of the symmetries of space and time.
In physics, the energy–momentum relation, or relativistic dispersion relation, is the relativistic equation relating total energy (which is also called relativistic energy) to invariant mass (which is also called rest mass) and momentum. It is the extension of mass–energy equivalence for bodies or systems with non-zero momentum.
Because of the relativistic equivalence between mass and energy, the eV is also sometimes used as a unit of mass. The Hartree (the atomic unit of energy) is commonly used in the field of computational chemistry since such units arise directly from the calculation algorithms without any need for conversion.
Today, the relation of mass, momentum, velocity, and all forms of energy – including electromagnetic energy – is analyzed on the basis of Albert Einstein's special relativity and mass–energy equivalence. As to the cause of mass of elementary particles, the Higgs mechanism in the framework of the relativistic Standard Model is currently ...
The mass of a body is a measure of its energy-content; if the energy changes by L, the mass changes in the same sense by L/(9 × 10 20), the energy being measured in ergs, and the mass in grammes. If the theory corresponds to the facts, radiation conveys inertia between the emitting and absorbing bodies.
Some of the tests of the equivalence principle use names for the different ways mass appears in physical formulae. In nonrelativistic physics three kinds of mass can be distinguished: [14] Inertial mass intrinsic to an object, the sum of all of its mass–energy. Passive mass, the response to gravity, the object's weight.
Mass–energy equivalence also holds in macroscopic systems. [35] For example, if one takes exactly one kilogram of ice, and applies heat, the mass of the resulting melt-water will be more than a kilogram: it will include the mass from the thermal energy (latent heat) used to melt the ice; this follows from the conservation of energy. [36]
Olinto De Pretto (26 April 1857 – 16 March 1921) was an Italian industrialist and geologist from Schio, Vicenza.It is claimed by an [additional citation(s) needed] Italian mathematician, Umberto Bartocci, [1] [2] that De Pretto may have been the first person to derive the energy–mass-equivalence =, generally attributed to Albert Einstein.