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This copepod spawns between October and March (winter), using lipid-reserves to fuel reproduction (making it a capital breeder [4]). [5] The male is most abundant during the breeding season, found between 500 and 1,000 metres (1,600 and 3,300 ft) in depth at this time. [ 6 ]
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During mid-winter, stage V copepodites develop into females. [2] When breeding, C. glacialis can follow multiple strategies. When found in ice-covered areas, it uses the ice algae bloom to fuel reproduction. This is consistent with a strategy of income breeding, where resources collected during breeding are used to pay for it.
During the autumn and winter months, it feeds on zooplankton and freshwater shrimps that are suspended in the lake, and also occasionally on smaller fish. The marine diet of Arctic char consists mostly of a copepod species (Calanis finmarchicus) and krill (Thysanoëssa). [4] [32] [38] [39] Lake-dwelling Arctic chars feed mostly on insects and ...
Most free-living copepods feed directly on phytoplankton, catching cells individually. A single copepod can consume up to 373,000 phytoplankton per day. [ 13 ] They generally have to clear the equivalent to about a million times their own body volume of water every day to cover their nutritional needs. [ 14 ]
A planktivore is an aquatic organism that feeds on planktonic food, including zooplankton and phytoplankton. [1] [2] Planktivorous organisms encompass a range of some of the planet's smallest to largest multicellular animals in both the present day and in the past billion years; basking sharks and copepods are just two examples of giant and microscopic organisms that feed upon plankton.
Calanus helgolandicus is a planktonic herbivore, [8] although it has been shown to eat both dead diatoms and faeces from other members of its species. This copepod seems to select particles based on their structure; marine snow (which is unstructured), is rejected, whereas dead diatoms and objects such as polystyrene (when given as beads 30 micrometers in diameter) are accepted as food. [9]
These copepods accumulate these lipids during late summer and autumn before descending to the deep to overwinter in response to reduced primary production and harsh conditions at the surface. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Furthermore, they rely on these lipid reserves that are metabolized for energy to survive through winter before ascending back to the ...