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  2. Abacus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus

    The abacus remains in common use as a scoring system in non-electronic table games. Others may use an abacus due to visual impairment that prevents the use of a calculator. [1] The abacus is still used to teach the fundamentals of mathematics to children in most countries. [citation needed]

  3. Mental abacus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_abacus

    The abacus system of mental calculation is a system where users mentally visualize an abacus to carry out arithmetical calculations. [1] No physical abacus is used; only the answers are written down. Calculations can be made at great speed in this way.

  4. Roman abacus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_abacus

    These latter two slots are for mixed-base math, a development unique to the Roman hand abacus [5] described in following sections. The longer slot with five beads below the Ө position allowed for the counting of 1/12 of a whole unit called an uncia (from which the English words inch and ounce are derived), making the abacus useful for Roman ...

  5. Trachtenberg system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachtenberg_system

    Bharati Krishna Tirtha's book "Vedic Mathematics" Mental abacus – As students become used to manipulating the abacus with their fingers, they are typically asked to do calculation by visualizing abacus in their head. Almost all proficient abacus users are adept at doing arithmetic mentally. [citation needed] Chisanbop

  6. Soroban - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soroban

    A suanpan (top) and a soroban (bottom). The two abaci seen here are of standard size and have thirteen rods each. Another variant of soroban. The soroban is composed of an odd number of columns or rods, each having beads: one separate bead having a value of five, called go-dama (五玉, ごだま, "five-bead") and four beads each having a value of one, called ichi-dama (一玉, いちだま ...

  7. Arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic

    Arithmetic is closely related to number theory and some authors use the terms as synonyms. [8] However, in a more specific sense, number theory is restricted to the study of integers and focuses on their properties and relationships such as divisibility, factorization, and primality. [9] Traditionally, it is known as higher arithmetic. [10]

  8. Abacus school - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus_School

    Abacus school is a term applied to any Italian school or tutorial after the 13th century, whose commerce-directed curriculum placed special emphasis on mathematics, such as algebra, among other subjects. [1] These schools sprang up after the publication of Fibonacci's Book of the Abacus and his introduction of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system.

  9. Pascal's calculator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal's_calculator

    But it is actually an abacus, since it requires the operator to handle the machine differently when a carry transfer takes place. [45] Pascal's calculator was the most successful mechanical calculator developed in the 17th century for the addition and subtraction of large numbers.

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