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UL 94, the Standard for Safety of Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances testing, is a plastics flammability standard released by Underwriters Laboratories of the United States. [1] The standard determines the material's tendency to either extinguish or spread the flame once the specimen has been ignited.
Flammability of furniture is of concern as cigarettes and candle accidents can trigger domestic fires. In 1975, California began implementing Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117), which required that materials such as polyurethane foam used to fill furniture be able to withstand a small open flame, equivalent to a candle, for at least 12 seconds. [12]
Due to the flammability of the material, it has to be treated with flame retardants (at least in case of furniture), almost all of which are considered harmful. [40] [41] California later issued Technical Bulletin 117 2013 which allowed most polyurethane foam to pass flammability tests without the use of flame retardants. Green Science Policy ...
Incorporating flame-resistant additives into polymers became a common and relatively cheap way to reduce the flammability of polymers, [6] while synthesizing intrinsically fire-resistant polymers has remained a more expensive alternative, although the properties of these polymers are usually more efficient at deterring combustion.
Advocates for the flame retardant industry, such as the American Chemistry Council's North American Flame Retardant Alliance, cite a study from the National Bureau of Standards indicating that a room filled with flame-retarded products (a polyurethane foam-padded chair and several other objects, including cabinetry and electronics) offered a 15 ...
Inherently flame resistant Unaffected by most solvents and oils Polyimide film possesses a unique combination of properties that make it ideal for a variety of applications in many different industries especially as excellent physical, electrical, and mechanical properties are maintained over a wide temperature range.
Tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (commonly abbreviated TCPP) is a chlorinated organophosphate flame retardant commonly added to polyurethane foams. [1] Comparatively minor amounts are used in PVC and EVA. [2]
Here are two commercial open-cell, low-density polyurethane products: Icynene Icynene is a trademarked brand of isocyanate open-cell spray foam from Huntsman Building Solutions. The classic version has a thermal resistance (R value) of 3.7 per inch and other versions have even higher values. [10] The formula also includes a flame retardant.