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This ideal L2 self promotes motivation by inspiring the present self to strive to become the ideal self, which promotes integrative and internalized instrumental motivation in language learning. [17] The ought-to L2 self includes the attributions a person believes they should have in order to meet expectations or avoid negative outcomes, which ...
In English-speaking countries, they have integrative motivation, the desire to learn the language to fit into an English-language culture. They are more likely to want to integrate because they 1. Generally have more friends and family with English language skills. 2. Have immediate financial and economic incentives to learn English. 3.
The two main theories for why motivational speakers may need to be externally searched out is to fill the need of content theory or the process theories. [6] The content theories were created by different philosophers, such as Abraham Maslow, Clayton Alderfer, Frederick Herzberg, and David McClelland. They focus on the inner workings and think ...
Dörnyei studied the impact of group dynamics on second language learning. [4] He found that group psychology can shape a learner's behavior as well as their motivation to learn. [4] The way that learners feel when they are in a classroom group can influence the effort they put into learning. [10]
Intrinsic motivation is often seen as the preferred type of motivation since it is associated with more in-depth learning, better memory retention, and long-term commitment. [145] Extrinsic motivation in the form of rewards and recognition also plays a key role in the learning process.
Stephen Krashen makes a distinction between language acquisition and language learning (the acquisition–learning distinction), [47] claiming that acquisition is a subconscious process, whereas learning is a conscious one. According to this hypothesis, the acquisition process for L2 (Language 2) is the same as for L1 (Language 1) acquisition.
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Learners of a second language may learn to avoid talking about topics for which they lack the necessary vocabulary or other language skills in the second language. Also, language learners sometimes start to try to talk about a topic, but abandon the effort in mid-utterance after discovering that they lack the language resources needed to ...
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