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Upward communication. Upward communication is the process of information flowing from the lower levels of a hierarchy to the upper levels. This type of communication is becoming more popular in organizations as traditional forms of communication are becoming less popular. The more traditional organization types such as a hierarchy, places ...
In an organization, communication occurs between members of different hierarchical positions. Superior-subordinate communication refers to the interactions between organizational leaders and their subordinates and how they work together to achieve personal and organizational goals [1] Satisfactory upward and downward communication is essential for a successful organization because it closes ...
Social comparison theory, initially proposed by social psychologist Leon Festinger in 1954, [1] centers on the belief that individuals drive to gain accurate self-evaluations. The theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others to reduce uncertainty in these domains and learn how to define ...
Informal and formal communication are used in an organization. Formal communication flows downward, horizontal and upward while informal communication is generally referred to as "the grapevine". Formal communication refers to the flow of official information through proper, predefined channels and routes.
As a salute, the fingertips touch the brow of the head. As a sign the hand is held at shoulder height. The term "three-finger salute" is also applied in a joking way to the finger. Thumbs Up and Thumbs Down are common gestures of approval or disapproval made by extending the thumb upward or downward.
An example of the Matthew Effect's role on social influence is an experiment by Salganik, Dodds, and Watts in which they created an experimental virtual market named MUSICLAB. In MUSICLAB, people could listen to music and choose to download the songs they enjoyed the most. The song choices were unknown songs produced by unknown bands.
Communication accommodation theory (CAT) is a theory of communication, developed by Howard Giles, concerning " (1) the behavioral changes that people make to attune their communication to their partner, (2) the extent to which people perceive their partner as appropriately attuning to them". [1] This concept was later applied to the field of ...
Leon Festinger (8 May 1919 – 11 February 1989) was an American social psychologist who originated the theory of cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory.The rejection of the previously dominant behaviorist view of social psychology by demonstrating the inadequacy of stimulus-response conditioning accounts of human behavior is largely attributed to his theories and research. [1]