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The suit gave publicity to anti-dissection advocates. Graham appeared in a 1987 Apple Computer commercial for the virtual-dissection software Operation Frog. [45] [46] The state of California passed a Student's Rights Bill in 1988 requiring that objecting students be allowed to complete alternative projects. [47]
This practice is declining due to animal welfare concerns, and "digital frogs" are now available for virtual dissection. [222] Frogs have served as experimental animals throughout the history of science. Eighteenth-century biologist Luigi Galvani discovered the link between electricity and the nervous system by studying frogs.
The African clawed frog or platanna, Xenopus laevis, was first widely used in laboratories in pregnancy assays in the first half of the 20th century.When human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone found in substantial quantities in the urine of pregnant women, is injected into a female X. laevis, it induces them to lay eggs.
The fetal pig's urogenital system is similar to the adult pig's system with the exception of the reproductive organs. The fetal pig urinary tract is relatively developed and easy to locate during dissection. The kidneys are located behind the abdominal organs and are partially embedded into the dorsal body wall by the spine.
Experiment De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari Late 1780s diagram of Galvani's experiment on frog legs. Luigi Galvani was born to Domenico Galvani and Barbara Caterina Foschi, in Bologna, then part of the Papal States. [6] The house in which he was born may still be seen on Via Marconi, 25, in the center of Bologna. [7]
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Prior to dissection for educational purposes, chloroform was administered to this common sand frog to induce anesthesia and death. The extent to which animal testing causes pain and suffering, and the capacity of animals to experience and comprehend them, is the subject of much debate. [166] [167]
Malpighi's frog dissection in 1661, proved to be a suitable size that could be magnified to display the capillary network not seen in the larger animals. [16] In discovering and observing the capillaries in the frog's lungs, Malpighi studied the movement of the blood in a contained system. [15]