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Soman (or GD, EA 1210, Zoman, PFMP, A-255, systematic name: O-pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) [1] is an extremely toxic chemical substance. It is a nerve agent , interfering with normal functioning of the mammalian nervous system by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase .
But it is known have developmental effects appear in fetuses and children even at very small doses. It has been shown to cause abnormal reflexes in neonates, poorer mental development in 2 and 3 year olds, poorer verbal IQ in 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 and 5 year old and pervasive developmental disorder in 2, 3 and 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 year olds. [18]
Organophosphate based nerve agent poisoning, such as VX, sarin, tabun, and soman (atropine is favoured in conjunction with an oxime, usually pralidoxime) [6] [7] Anticholinergics generally have antisialagogue effects (decreasing saliva production), and most produce some level of sedation, both being advantageous in surgical procedures. [8] [9]
OPs are one of the most common causes of poisoning worldwide. [2] There are nearly 3 million poisonings per year resulting in two hundred thousand deaths. [2] [3] Around 15% of people who are poisoned die as a result. [2] Organophosphate poisoning has been reported at least since 1962. [7]
Patients experiencing aluminium toxicity can exhibit symptoms such as impaired learning and reduced motor coordination. [71] Additionally, systemic aluminium levels are known to increase with age, and have been shown to correlate with Alzheimer's disease , implicating it as a neurotoxic causative compound of the disease. [ 72 ]
It is clear that many agricultural pesticides can be considered as V agents if they are notoriously toxic. The agent is not required to be a phosphonate and presents a dialkylaminoethyl group. [30] The toxicity requirement is waived as the VT agent and its salts (VT-1 and VT-2) are "non-toxic". [31]
Pralidoxime, another antidote, can be considered to reactivate inhibited acetylcholinesterase enzymes, although this is often less important for carbamate poisoning than it is for organophosphate poisoning. [1] The most common cause of death following carbamate poisoning is respiratory failure. [3]
Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy (CSE) is a condition induced by long-term exposure to organic solvents, often—but not always—in the workplace, that lead to a wide variety of persisting sensorimotor polyneuropathies and neurobehavioral deficits even after solvent exposure has been removed.