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The viola's four strings are normally tuned in fifths: the lowest string is C (an octave below middle C), with G, D, and A above it. This tuning is exactly one fifth below the violin, [ 12 ] so that they have three strings in common—G, D, and A—and is one octave above the cello.
The music fully pauses for the violins to re-tune before continuing. Haydn also uses a violin with the lowest string tuned to F in the trio of his Symphony No. 67 in F. Niccolò Paganini's Violin Concerto No. 1 initially required the strings of the solo violin to be tuned a semitone higher to match the original key of E ♭ major.
Cello – C 2 G 2 D 3 A 3 (an octave lower than the viola) Double bass – E 1 A 1 D 2 G 2 (ascending perfect fourths, where the highest sounding open string coincides with the G on a cello). Double bass with a low C extension – C 1 E 1 A 1 D 2 G 2 (the same, except for low C, which is a major third below the low E on a standard 4-string ...
The kontra is tuned like a viola, though lacking its low C string: G3-D4-A4. Frequently, the A string is replaced with a second G string tuned to A3, a major second above the g, in a form of re-entrant tuning.
The first violins are led by the concertmaster (leader in the UK); each of the other string sections also has a principal player (principal second violin, principal viola, principal cello, and principal bass) who play the orchestral solos for the section, lead entrances and, in some cases, determine the bowings for the section (the ...
Arnold Schoenberg's Chamber Symphony Op. 9 (1906) displays quartal harmony: the first measure and a half construct a five-part fourth chord with the notes (highlighted in red in the illustration) A–D ♯ –F–B ♭ –E ♭ –A ♭ distributed over the five stringed instruments (the viola must tune down the lowest string by a minor third ...
Essentially a 4-string bass with one added high or low string. Choice of tuning depends whether the added string is low or high. Guitar, bass (6-string) 6 strings 6 courses. Standard/common: B 0 E 1 A 1 D 2 G 2 C 3. Alternate: E 1 A 1 D 2 G 2 B 2 E 3. Bass, electric bass, 6-string bass, contrabass guitar Essentially a 4-string bass with either ...
Musical symbols are marks and symbols in musical notation that indicate various aspects of how a piece of music is to be performed. There are symbols to communicate information about many musical elements, including pitch, duration, dynamics, or articulation of musical notes; tempo, metre, form (e.g., whether sections are repeated), and details about specific playing techniques (e.g., which ...