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The investor lives from time 0 to time T; their wealth at time T is denoted W T. He starts with a known initial wealth W 0 (which may include the present value of wage income). At time t he must choose what amount of his wealth to consume, c t , and what fraction of wealth to invest in a stock portfolio, π t (the remaining fraction 1 − π t ...
A continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) is a continuous stochastic process in which, for each state, the process will change state according to an exponential random variable and then move to a different state as specified by the probabilities of a stochastic matrix. An equivalent formulation describes the process as changing state according to ...
The examples thus far have shown continuous time systems and control solutions. In fact, as optimal control solutions are now often implemented digitally, contemporary control theory is now primarily concerned with discrete time systems and solutions.
Discrete time views values of variables as occurring at distinct, separate "points in time", or equivalently as being unchanged throughout each non-zero region of time ("time period")—that is, time is viewed as a discrete variable. Thus a non-time variable jumps from one value to another as time moves from one time period to the next.
Time is the continuous progression of existence that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, and into the future. [1] [2] [3] It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to compare the duration of events (or the intervals between them), and to quantify rates of change of quantities in material reality or in the ...
Block diagram illustrating the superposition principle and time invariance for a deterministic continuous-time single-input single-output system. The system satisfies the superposition principle and is time-invariant if and only if y 3 (t) = a 1 y 1 (t – t 0) + a 2 y 2 (t – t 0) for all time t, for all real constants a 1, a 2, t 0 and for all inputs x 1 (t), x 2 (t). [1]
The Laplace transform is a frequency-domain approach for continuous time signals irrespective of whether the system is stable or unstable. The Laplace transform of a function f ( t ) , defined for all real numbers t ≥ 0 , is the function F ( s ) , which is a unilateral transform defined by
An alternative terminology uses continuous parameter as being more inclusive. [1] A more restricted class of processes are the continuous stochastic processes; here the term often (but not always [2]) implies both that the index variable is continuous and that sample paths of the process are continuous. Given the possible confusion, caution is ...