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Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (EPSM, PSSM, EPSSM) is a hereditary glycogen storage disease of horses that causes exertional rhabdomyolysis.It is currently known to affect the following breeds American Quarter Horses, American Paint Horses, Warmbloods, Cobs, Dales Ponies, Thoroughbreds, Arabians, New Forest ponies, and a large number of Heavy horse breeds.
However, any horse that can store excess amounts of glycogen, usually genetic, can develop this form of ER. [1] Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (RER) is commonly found in breeds that are high strung such as Arabians and thoroughbreds. However, any horse can develop this type of ER if it displays abnormal muscle contractions. [1]
Creatine kinase (CK), also known as creatine phosphokinase (CPK) or phosphocreatine kinase, is an enzyme (EC 2.7.3.2) expressed by various tissues and cell types. CK catalyses the conversion of creatine and uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to create phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
Kidney failure, high blood potassium, low blood calcium, disseminated intravascular coagulation, compartment syndrome [3] Causes: Crush injury, strenuous exercise, medications, substance use, certain infections [3] Diagnostic method: Blood test (creatine kinase), urine test strip [3] [5] Treatment: Intravenous fluids, dialysis, hemofiltration ...
Elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels in the blood (at most ~10 times normal) are typical in sIBM but affected individuals can also present with normal CK levels. Electromyography (EMG) studies display variable abnormalities such as increased insertional activity, [ 26 ] increased spontaneous activity (fibrillation potentials and sharp waves ...
In this pathway, adenylate kinase combines two ADP molecules to make ATP and AMP; AMP is then deaminated, producing inosine monophosphate (IMP) and ammonia (NH 3) as part of purine nucleotide cycle. [45] Physicians may also check resting levels of creatine kinase, which are moderately increased in 90% of patients. [18]
Isolated hyperCKemia is a benign [1] genetic disorder which is characterized by high levels of creatine kinase (an enzyme) in the blood, usually, levels of CK in the blood of people with this disorder are 3 to 10 times higher than average.
The majority of animals use arginine as phosphagen; however, the phylum Chordata (i.e., animals with spinal cords) use creatine. Creatine phosphate (CP), or phosphocreatine (PCr), is made from ATP by the enzyme creatine kinase in a reversible reaction: Creatine + ATP ⇌ creatine phosphate + ADP + H + (this reaction is Mg 2+-dependent)
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