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A sphygmomanometer (/ ˌ s f ɪ ɡ m oʊ m ə ˈ n ɒ m ɪ t ə r / SFIG-moh-mə-NO-mi-tər), also known as a blood pressure monitor, or blood pressure gauge, is a device used to measure blood pressure, composed of an inflatable cuff to collapse and then release the artery under the cuff in a controlled manner, [1] and a mercury or aneroid manometer to measure the pressure.
Pseudohypertension, also known as pseudohypertension in the elderly, noncompressibility artery syndrome, and Osler's sign (or Osler sign) of pseudohypertension is a falsely elevated blood pressure reading obtained through sphygmomanometry due to calcification of blood vessels which cannot be compressed. [1]
A more accurate value of systolic blood pressure can be obtained with a sphygmomanometer and palpating the radial pulse. [11] Methods using constitutive models have been proposed to measure blood pressure from radial artery pulse. [citation needed] The diastolic blood pressure cannot be estimated by this method. The American Heart Association ...
Blood pressure varies over longer time periods (months to years) and this variability predicts adverse outcomes. [18] Blood pressure also changes in response to temperature, noise, emotional stress, consumption of food or liquid, dietary factors, physical activity, changes in posture (such as standing-up), drugs, and disease. [19]
Typically, the blood pressure obtained via palpation is around 10 mmHg lower than the pressure obtained via auscultation. In general, the examiner can avoid being confused by an auscultatory gap by always inflating a blood pressure cuff to 20-40 mmHg higher than the pressure required to occlude the brachial pulse. [4] [5]
All methods measure peripheral arterial pressure, which is inherently different from the blood pressure detected from proximal arteries. Even the comparison between the two clinical “gold standards” invasive continuous blood pressure at the arteria radialis and noninvasive, but intermittent, upper arm cuff shows large differences.
Correct blood pressure measurement technique involves several steps. Proper blood pressure measurement requires the person whose blood pressure is being measured to sit quietly for at least five minutes which is then followed by application of a properly fitted blood pressure cuff to a bare upper arm. [91]
Outcomes measures should be relevant to the target of the intervention (be it a single person or a target population). [2] Depending on the design of a trial, outcome measures can be either primary outcomes, in which case the trial is designed around finding an adequate study size (through proper randomization and power calculation). [1]