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Viruses can cause massive human mortality. The smallpox virus killed an estimated 10 to 15 million people per year until 1967. [3] Smallpox was finally eliminated in 1977 by extinction of the virus through vaccination, and the impact of viruses such as influenza, poliomyelitis and measles are mainly controlled by vaccination. [4]
Waterborne diseases were once wrongly explained by the miasma theory, the theory that bad air causes the spread of diseases. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] However, people started to find a correlation between water quality and waterborne diseases, which led to different water purification methods, such as sand filtering and chlorinating their drinking water.
In addition to surveillance of human wastewater, studies have also been conducted on livestock wastewater. [30] A 2011 article reported findings of 11.8% of collected human wastewater samples and 8.6% of swine wastewater samples as positive of the pathogen Clostridioides difficile. [31]
In the last several weeks, wastewater surveillance at 59 of 190 U.S. municipal and regional sewage plants has revealed an out-of-season spike in influenza A flu viruses — a category that also ...
But wastewater surveillance — the testing of sewage for signs of pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2, poliovirus and mpox virus — has yet to be employed in the tracking of H5N1 bird flu virus.
There are two common human influenza A viruses: H1N1 and H3N2. The "H" stands for hemagglutinin, which is an identifiable protein in the virus. The "N" stands for neuraminidase.
Aichivirus A has been reported at high rates in wastewater but was first seen in 2010. [27] Wastewater treatment cannot get rid of all the viral particles before being discharged into the environment. [3] Due to the stability of aichivirus in sewage before and after treatment, aichivirus A is likely a human fecal pollutant indicator. [3]
The modelling of infectious diseases is a tool that has been used to study the mechanisms by which diseases spread, to predict the future course of an outbreak and to evaluate strategies to control an epidemic. [1]