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The Upanishads (/ ʊ ˈ p ʌ n ɪ ʃ ə d z /; [1] Sanskrit: उपनिषद्, IAST: Upaniṣad, pronounced [ˈʊpɐnɪʂɐd]) are late Vedic and post-Vedic Sanskrit texts that "document the transition from the archaic ritualism of the Veda into new religious ideas and institutions" [2] and the emergence of the central religious concepts of Hinduism.
The Principal Upanishads, which were composed probably between 600 and 300 BCE, constitute the concluding portion of the Veda. [2] According to most Hinduism traditions, ten Upanishads are considered as Principal Upanishads, but some scholars now are including Śvetāśvatara, Kauṣītaki and Maitrāyaṇīya into the list.
The Garbha Upanishad (Sanskrit: गर्भ उपनिषत्, romanized: Garbha Upaniṣad, lit. 'Esoteric Doctrine over the Embryo' [3]), or Garbhopanishad (Garbhopaniṣad), is one of the minor Upanishads, listed number 17 in the modern anthology of 108 Hindu Upanishadic texts.
In Colebrooke anthology of 52 Upanishads, popular in North India, the Brahma Upanishad is listed at number 10. [11] In Narayana's anthology of 52 Upanishads, popular in South India, the Upanishad is listed at 10 as well. [12] In later age compilation collection which was brought out in South India, Brahma Upanishad is part of the 108 Upanishads ...
The Ten Principal Upanishads is an English version of the Upanishads translated by the Irish poet W. B. Yeats and the Indian-born mendicant-teacher Shri Purohit Swami.The translation process occurred between the two authors throughout the 1930s and the book was published in 1938; it is one of the final works of W. B. Yeats.
Isha Upanishad has been chronologically listed by them as being among early Upanishads to being one among the middle Upanishads. Deussen [ 14 ] suggested, for example, that Isha was composed after ancient prose Upanishads – Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki and Kena; during a period when metrical poem-like Upanishads ...
It is one of the 31 Upanishads, associated with the Atharvaveda. [4] It is classified as a Samanya (general) and Vedantic Upanishad. [3] [5] The Upanishad describes three types of Self : the Bahya-atma or external self (body), the Antar-atma or inner self (individual soul) and the Param-atma or highest self (the Brahman, Purusha).
The Yoga-Kundalini Upanishad is a common era text, composed sometime after Yogasutras. [14] Banerjea states that the Yoga-Kundalini text, like many late Yoga Upanishads, deals with yogic concepts and methods taught by Siddha Yogi teachers such as Gorakhnath, an 11th-century yogi.