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Hindustani is extremely rich in complex verbs formed by the combinations of noun/adjective and a verb. Complex verbs are of two types: transitive and intransitive. [3]The transitive verbs are obtained by combining nouns/adjectives with verbs such as karnā 'to do', lenā 'to take', denā 'to give', jītnā 'to win' etc.
The have/has/had + verb + -ed construction is negated by inserting not between the two words of the affirmative (have/has/had not taken). The construction "am/is/are" + verb + -"ing" indicates present tense combined with progressive aspect if the verb is innately non-stative, as in "I am taking it," or combined with innate stative aspect, as in ...
Hindustani, the lingua franca of Northern India and Pakistan, has two standardised registers: Hindi and Urdu.Grammatical differences between the two standards are minor but each uses its own script: Hindi uses Devanagari while Urdu uses an extended form of the Perso-Arabic script, typically in the Nastaʿlīq style.
Since the Iron Age of India, the native languages of the Indian subcontinent have been divided into various language families, of which Indo-Aryan and Dravidian are the most widely spoken. There are also many languages belonging to unrelated language families such as Munda (from the Austroasiatic family ) and Tibeto-Burman (from the Trans ...
The development of Hindi movements in the late nineteenth century further contributed to this divergence. [8] Sumit Sarkar notes that in the 18th and the bulk of the 19th century, "Urdu had been the language of polite culture over a big part of North India, for Hindus quite as much as Muslims". From 1881 to 1890, Sarkar gives figures which ...
The formal Hindi standard, from which much of the Persian, Arabic and English vocabulary has been replaced by neologisms compounding tatsam words, is called Śuddh Hindi (pure Hindi), and is viewed as a more prestigious dialect over other more colloquial forms of Hindi. Excessive use of tatsam words sometimes creates problems for native ...
Romanised Hindi is also used by some newspapers such as The Times of India. [38] [39] The first novel written in this format, All We Need Is Love, was published in 2015. [40] Romanised Hindi has been supported by advertisers in part because it allows a message to be conveyed in a neutral script to both Hindi and Urdu speakers. [41]
The opposition of length in the close vowels has been neutralized in word-final position, only allowing long close vowels in final position. As a result, Sanskrit loans which originally have a short close vowel are realized with a long close vowel, e.g. śakti ( शक्ति – شکتی 'energy') and vastu ( वस्तु – وستو ...