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A hyperbola and its conjugate may have diameters which are conjugate. In the theory of special relativity, such diameters may represent axes of time and space, where one hyperbola represents events at a given spatial distance from the center, and the other represents events at a corresponding temporal distance from the center.
Similarly, a given mass M of gas with changing volume will have variable density δ = M / V, and the ideal gas law may be written P = k T δ so that an isobaric process traces a hyperbola in the quadrant of absolute temperature and gas density. For hyperbolic coordinates in the theory of relativity see the History section.
Graphs of the inverse hyperbolic functions The hyperbolic functions sinh, cosh, and tanh with respect to a unit hyperbola are analogous to circular functions sin, cos, tan with respect to a unit circle. The argument to the hyperbolic functions is a hyperbolic angle measure.
A ray through the unit hyperbola x 2 − y 2 = 1 at the point (cosh a, sinh a), where a is twice the area between the ray, the hyperbola, and the x-axis. For points on the hyperbola below the x-axis, the area is considered negative (see animated version with comparison with the trigonometric (circular) functions).
The curve represents xy = 1. A hyperbolic angle has magnitude equal to the area of the corresponding hyperbolic sector, which is in standard position if a = 1. In geometry, hyperbolic angle is a real number determined by the area of the corresponding hyperbolic sector of xy = 1 in Quadrant I of the Cartesian plane.
Each hyperbola is defined by = / and = / (with =, =) in equation . Hyperbolic motion is the motion of an object with constant proper acceleration in special relativity . It is called hyperbolic motion because the equation describing the path of the object through spacetime is a hyperbola , as can be seen when graphed on a Minkowski diagram ...
The eccentricity is directly related to the angle between the asymptotes. With eccentricity just over 1 the hyperbola is a sharp "v" shape. At = the asymptotes are at right angles. With > the asymptotes are more than 120° apart, and the periapsis distance is greater than the semi major axis. As eccentricity increases further the motion ...
The case a = 1 is called the unit hyperbola. The conjugate hyperbola is given by {: ‖ ‖ =} with an upper and lower branch passing through (0, a) and (0, −a). The hyperbola and conjugate hyperbola are separated by two diagonal asymptotes which form the set of null elements: