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An example of upregulation is the response of liver cells exposed to such xenobiotic molecules as dioxin. In this situation, the cells increase their production of cytochrome P450 enzymes, which in turn increases degradation of these dioxin molecules. Downregulation or upregulation of an RNA or protein may also arise by an epigenetic alteration ...
2932 56637 Ensembl ENSG00000082701 ENSMUSG00000022812 UniProt P49841 Q9WV60 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001146156 NM_002093 NM_001354596 NM_019827 NM_001347232 RefSeq (protein) NP_001139628 NP_002084 NP_001341525 NP_001334161 NP_062801 Location (UCSC) Chr 3: 119.82 – 120.09 Mb Chr 16: 37.91 – 38.07 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, (GSK-3 beta ...
15550 Ensembl ENSG00000178394 ENSMUSG00000021721 UniProt P08908 Q64264 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000524 NM_008308 RefSeq (protein) NP_000515 NP_032334 Location (UCSC) Chr 5: 63.96 – 63.96 Mb Chr 13: 105.58 – 105.58 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse The serotonin 1A receptor (or 5-HT 1A receptor) is a subtype of serotonin receptors, or 5-HT receptors, that binds serotonin ...
The cells of the neurovascular unit also make up the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which plays an important role in maintaining the microenvironment of the brain. [11] In addition to regulating the exit and entrance of blood, the blood–brain barrier also filters toxins that may cause inflammation, injury, and disease. [12]
In rodents for example, neurons in the central nervous system arise from three types of neural stem and progenitor cells: neuroepithelial cells, radial glial cells and basal progenitors, which go through three main divisions: symmetric proliferative division; asymmetric neurogenic division; and symmetric neurogenic division.
Substance P and the NK1-receptor are widely distributed in the brain and are found in brain regions that are specific to regulating emotion (hypothalamus, amygdala, and the periaqueductal gray). [12] They are found in close association with serotonin (5-HT) and neurons containing norepinephrine that are targeted by the currently used ...
Regulation of gene expression by a hormone receptor Diagram showing at which stages in the DNA-mRNA-protein pathway expression can be controlled. Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, [1] includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).
Several examples of neural sensitization include: Electrical or chemical stimulation of the rat hippocampus causes strengthening of synaptic signals, a process known as long-term potentiation or LTP. [6] LTP of AMPA receptors is a potential mechanism underlying memory and learning in the brain.