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Combined with diastolic dysfunction due to hypertrophy of left ventricular walls causes high risk. [3] Immersion in cold water. [3] Immersion in cold water increases peripheral vasoconstriction and thereby increases afterload on the left ventricle. It probably also further increases preload. [3] Stress or exertion during immersion.
Pulmonary edema (British English: oedema), also known as pulmonary congestion, is excessive fluid accumulation in the tissue or air spaces (usually alveoli) of the lungs. [1] This leads to impaired gas exchange , most often leading to shortness of breath ( dyspnea ) which can progress to hypoxemia and respiratory failure .
Chronic urinary retention that is due to bladder blockage which can either be as a result of muscle damage or neurological damage. [7] If the retention is due to neurological damage, there is a disconnect between the brain to muscle communication, which can make it impossible to completely empty the bladder. [ 7 ]
Pneumonia and sepsis are the most common triggers, and pneumonia is present in up to 60% of patients and may be either causes or complications of ARDS. Alcohol excess appears to increase the risk of ARDS. [47] Diabetes was originally thought to decrease the risk of ARDS, but this has shown to be due to an increase in the risk of pulmonary edema.
The removed segment is opened up and is attached to the bladder to increase bladder capacity. [23] [24] Stomach, cecum, and sigmoid colon have been used for augmentation, however it is much less commonly used. [24] Detrusorectomy: part of the detrusor muscle of the bladder is stripped away from the bladder to increase capacity. [25]
Risks of bladder augmentation include incomplete voiding of the bladder post-surgery (resulting in the patient having to undergo intermittent catheterisation or receive an indwelling catheter), acute intestinal obstruction due to adhesions some years after surgery, and, in extremely rare cases, cancers of the intestinal tissue within the bladder.
Static lung compliance is the change in volume for any given applied pressure. [1] Dynamic lung compliance is the compliance of the lung at any given time during actual movement of air. Low compliance indicates a stiff lung (one with high elastic recoil ) and can be thought of as a thick balloon – this is the case often seen in fibrosis .
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. [8] GOLD 2024 defined COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea or shortness of breath, cough, sputum production or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis ...