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Often crowd control is designed to persuade a crowd to align with a particular view (e.g., political rallies), or to contain groups to prevent damage or mob behaviour. Politically organised crowd control is usually conducted by law enforcement but on some occasions military forces are used for particularly large or dangerous crowds.
McPhail, Clark. The Myth of the Madding Crowd (1991) Aldine-DeGruyter. Trotter, Wilfred, Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War. (1915) Macmillan, New York. Suroweicki, James: The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, *Societies and Nations. (2004) Little, Brown, Boston.
The word "crowd", according to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary, refers to both "a large number of persons especially when collected together" (as in a crowded shopping mall) and "a group of people having something in common [as in a habit, interest, or occupation]."
Crowdsourcing is not limited to online activity, however, and there are various historical examples of crowdsourcing. The word crowdsourcing is a portmanteau of "crowd" and "outsourcing". [1] [2] [3] In contrast to outsourcing, crowdsourcing usually involves less specific and more public groups of participants. [4] [5] [6]
The psychology of a crowd is a collective behaviour realised by the individuals within it. A category of social psychology known as "crowd psychology" or "mob psychology" examines how the psychology of a group of people differs from the psychology of any one person within the group.
Scipio Sighele published ‘La Foule Criminele’ one year before Durkheim, in which he describes emergent characteristics of crowds that don’t appear in the individuals that form the crowd. He doesn’t call this collective consciousness, but ‘âme de la foule’ (soul of the crowd). [ 10 ]
Wisdom-of-the-crowds research routinely attributes the superiority of crowd averages over individual judgments to the elimination of individual noise, [34] an explanation that assumes independence of the individual judgments from each other. [8] [25] Thus the crowd tends to make its best decisions if it is made up of diverse opinions and ...
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