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10BASE-F, or sometimes 10BASE-FX, is a generic term for the family of 10 Mbit/s Ethernet standards using fiber-optic cable.In 10BASE-F, the 10 represents a maximum throughput of 10 Mbit/s, BASE indicates its use of baseband transmission, and F indicates that it relies on a medium of fiber-optic cable.
Atlantic Crossing 1 (AC-1) is an optical submarine telecommunications cable system linking the United States and three European countries. It transports speech and data traffic between the U.S., the U.K., the Netherlands and Germany. [ 1 ]
FLAG provided a link between the European end of high-density transatlantic crossings and the Asian end of the transpacific crossings. [5] FLAG includes undersea cable segments, and two terrestrial crossings. The segments can be either direct point-to-point links, or multi-point links, which are attained through branching units.
Comprehensive list of cable landing sites globally — at KIDORF.com; List of the suppliers of the world's undersea communications cables — at KIDORF.com "Internet/Tel Undersea Cables of the World". Archived from the original on 2 January 2013}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown
All cables presently in service use fiber optic technology. Many cables terminate in Newfoundland and Ireland, which lie on the great circle route from London, UK to New York City, US. There has been a succession of newer transatlantic cable systems. All recent systems have used fiber optic transmission, and a self-healing ring topology.
They are significant providers of internet connection globally: 99% of international communications go through submarine fibre optic cables, [1] as well as US$10 trillion of financial transactions every day. [2] The European Union (EU), in particular, has a strong need for connection, since 87% of EU citizens were internet users in 2021. [3]
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In the 1980s, fiber-optic cables were developed. The first transatlantic telephone cable to use optical fiber was TAT-8, which went into operation in 1988. A fiber-optic cable comprises multiple pairs of fibers. Each pair has one fiber in each direction. TAT-8 had two operational pairs and one backup pair.