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The germ theory of disease proposes that invisible microorganisms (bacteria and viruses) are the cause of particular illnesses in both humans and animals. [2] Prior to medicine becoming hard science, there were many philosophical theories about how disease originated and was transmitted.
Cherry, Steven. "Medicine and Public Health, 1900-1939" in A Companion to Early Twentieth-Century Britain ed. by Chris Wrigley, (Blackwell, 2003) pp.405- 423. Gorsky, Martin "The British National Health Service 1948–2008: A Review of the Historiography" Social History of Medicine 21#3 (2008), pp. 437–460. online; Sweet, Helen.
Epidemics of the 19th century were faced without the medical advances that made 20th-century epidemics much rarer and less lethal. Micro-organisms (viruses and bacteria) had been discovered in the 18th century, but it was not until the late 19th century that the experiments of Lazzaro Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation conclusively, allowing germ theory and Robert ...
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The professionalization of medicine, starting slowly in the early 19th century, included systematic efforts to minimize the role of untrained uncertified women and keep them out of new institutions such as hospitals and medical schools. [50] The Woman's Medical College of the New York Infirmary. [Announcement, 1868-69].
This medicine continued to be sold under the original name into the early 20th century, and can still be found in the British and American pharmacopoeias as "Compound tincture of benzoin". In these cases, the treatments likely lacked empirical support when they were introduced to the market, and their benefits were simply a convenient ...
In 1867, Italy lost 113,000 to cholera, and 80,000 died of the disease in Algeria. [3] Outbreaks in North America in the 1870s killed some 50,000 Americans as cholera spread from New Orleans via passengers along the Mississippi River and to ports on its tributaries.
Albert Abrams was born in San Francisco on December 8, 1863, to Marcus Abrams and Rachel Leavey, [3] although other dates have also been reported. [4] On October 8, 1878, he inscribed at Medical College of the Pacific, worked as an assistant of Prof. Douglass and Prof. Hirschfelder, and got a medical degree on October 30, 1881.