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Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) for example is produced both ways. Biotransformation is mostly used for the production of riboflavin, and the carbon source starting material for this reaction is glucose. There are a few strains of microorganisms that were engineered to increase the yield of riboflavin produced.
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B 2, is a vitamin found in food and sold as a dietary supplement. [3] It is essential to the formation of two major coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. These coenzymes are involved in energy metabolism, cellular respiration, and antibody production, as well as normal growth and ...
In 2008, the global need for riboflavin was 6,000 tons per year, with production capacity of 10,000 tons. [4] This $150 to 500 million market is not only for medical applications, but is also used as a supplement to animal food in the agricultural industry and as a food colorant. [4]
The discovery dates of the vitamins and their sources Year of discovery Vitamin Food source 1913: Vitamin A (Retinol) Cod liver oil: 1910: Vitamin B 1 (Thiamine) Rice bran: 1920: Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Citrus, most fresh foods 1920: Vitamin D (Calciferol) Cod liver oil 1920: Vitamin B 2 (Riboflavin) Meat, dairy products, eggs: 1922: Vitamin ...
By the early 1930s, this same pigment had been isolated from a range of sources, and recognised as a component of the vitamin B complex. Its structure was determined and reported in 1935 and given the name riboflavin, derived from the ribityl side chain and yellow colour of the conjugated ring system. [6]
Flavin mononucleotide is also used as an orange-red food colour additive, designated in Europe as E number E101a. [5] E106, a very closely related food dye, is riboflavin-5′-phosphate sodium salt, which consists mainly of the monosodium salt of the 5′-monophosphate ester of riboflavin. It is rapidly turned to free riboflavin after ingestion.
Industrial production of B 12 is achieved through fermentation of selected microorganisms. [135] Streptomyces griseus, a bacterium once thought to be a fungus, was the commercial source of vitamin B 12 for many years. [136] The species Pseudomonas denitrificans and Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii are more commonly used today ...
Industrial enzymes are enzymes that are commercially used in a variety of industries such as pharmaceuticals, chemical production, biofuels, food and beverage, and consumer products. Due to advancements in recent years, biocatalysis through isolated enzymes is considered more economical than use of whole cells.