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1938 [5] [6] Whittaker 1969 [7] Woese et al. 1977 [8] [9] Woese et al. 1990 [10] Cavalier-Smith 1993 [11] [12] [13] Cavalier-Smith 1998 [14] [15] [16] Ruggiero et al. 2015 [17] — — 2 empires: 2 empires: 2 empires: 2 empires: 3 domains: 3 superkingdoms 2 empires: 2 superkingdoms: 2 kingdoms 3 kingdoms — 4 kingdoms: 5 kingdoms: 6 kingdoms ...
Combined with the five-kingdom model, this created a six-kingdom model, where the kingdom Monera is replaced by the kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea. [16] This six-kingdom model is commonly used in recent US high school biology textbooks, but has received criticism for compromising the current scientific consensus. [ 13 ]
By 1998, Cavalier-Smith had reduced the total number of kingdoms from eight to six: Animalia, Protozoa, Fungi, Plantae (including red and green algae), Chromista, and Bacteria. [44] Five of Cavalier-Smith's kingdoms are classified as eukaryotes as shown in the following scheme: Eubacteria; Neomura. Archaebacteria; Eukaryotes. Kingdom Protozoa
Six Kingdoms may refer to: In biology, a scheme of classifying organisms into six kingdoms: Proposed by Carl Woese et al.: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea/Archaeabacteria, and Bacteria/Eubacteria; Proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Chromista, Protozoa and Eukaryota
To remember the order of taxa in biology (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species, [Variety]): "Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup" is often cited as a non-vulgar method for teaching students to memorize the taxonomic classification of system.
] Linnaeus used this as the top rank, dividing the physical world into the vegetable, animal and mineral kingdoms. As advances in microscopy made the classification of microorganisms possible, the number of kingdoms increased, five- and six-kingdom systems being the most common. Domains are a relatively new grouping.
Cladistics is a method of classification of life forms according to the proportion of characteristics that they have in common (called synapomorphies). It is assumed that the higher the proportion of characteristics that two organisms share, the more recently they both came from a common ancestor.
The three-domain system adds a level of classification (the domains) "above" the kingdoms present in the previously used five- or six-kingdom systems.This classification system recognizes the fundamental divide between the two prokaryotic groups, insofar as Archaea appear to be more closely related to eukaryotes than they are to other prokaryotes – bacteria-like organisms with no cell nucleus.