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The emergence of the human security discourse was the product of a convergence of factors at the end of the Cold War.These challenged the dominance of the neorealist paradigm's focus on states, "mutually assured destruction" and military security and briefly enabled a broader concept of security to emerge.
Environmental security, also known as ecological security, refers to the integrity of ecosystems and the biosphere, particularly in relation to their capacity to sustain a diversity of life-forms (including human life). The security of ecosystems has attracted greater attention as the impact of ecological damage by humans has grown. [11]
Security of the person is a basic entitlement guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations in 1948. It is also a human right explicitly defined and guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights, the Constitution of Canada, the Constitution of South Africa and other laws around the world.
The Gateway "focuses attention on threats stemming from violence to individuals and to societies at risk". [2] It uses an approach to gathering and categorizing information that is complementary to the "broad" conception of human security; [3] this is the same definition of human security that the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) used in its 1994 Human Development Report.
Human security offers a critique of and advocates an alternative to the traditional state-based conception of security. [39] Essentially, it argues that the proper referent for security is the individual and that state practices should reflect this rather than primarily focusing on securing borders through unilateral military action.
The approach focuses on ensuring that communities and their members are "free from fear". Yet, a broader contemporary definition also includes action on a wider range of social issues to ensure "freedom from want". Like community safety and citizen security, it promotes a multi-stakeholder approach that is driven by an analysis of local needs. [1]
"National security is an appropriate and aggressive blend of political resilience and maturity, human resources, economic structure and capacity, technological competence, industrial base and availability of natural resources and finally the military might." (National Defence College of India, 1996) [7]
Health security is a concept or framework for public health issues which includes protection of national populations from external health threats such as pandemics. [4] Four types of security may be considered in this context: biosecurity; global health security; human security; and national security. [5]