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A prompt reaction initiated at the early stage of concrete hardening on very fine silica particles will help to suppress a slow and delayed reaction with larger siliceous aggregates on the long term. Following the same principle, the fabrication of low-pH cement also implies the addition of finely divided pozzolanic materials rich in silicic ...
Alkali–aggregate reaction is a term mainly referring to a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and non-crystalline silicon dioxide, which is found in many common aggregates. This reaction can cause the expansion of the altered aggregate, leading to spalling and loss of strength of concrete.
Alkali–aggregate reaction – Expansive chemical reaction damaging concrete (AAR) Alkali–silica reaction – Chemical reaction damaging concrete (ASR) Caesarea Maritima – Ancient Levantine city; its ancient artificial bay was built with pozzolan; Calcium silicate hydrate – Main product of the hydration of Portland cement (C-S-H)
In Europe, sizing ranges are specified as d/D, where the d shows the smallest and D shows the largest square mesh grating that the particles can pass. Application-specific preferred sizings are covered in European Standard EN 13043 for road construction, EN 13383 for larger armour stone, EN 12620 for concrete aggregate, EN 13242 for base layers of road construction, and EN 13450 for railway ...
Moreover, when the temperatures reach 57.3 °C (135.1 °F), siliceous aggregates transform from α-phase, hexagonal crystal system, to β-phase, bcc structure, causing expansion of concrete and decreasing the strength of the material. [14]
Chat is fragments of siliceous rock, ... as gravel; and as construction aggregate, ... and concrete production. ...
Kieselkalk is also known as the Helvetic Siliceous Limestone.It was deposited during the Lower Cretaceous epoch. It can contain up to 40% of very fine (1-10 μm), evenly distributed authigenic quartz crystals.
2 O), dissolved in concrete pore water as NaOH and KOH, with reactive amorphous (non-crystalline) siliceous aggregates in the presence of moisture. The simplest way to write the reaction in a stylized manner is the following (other representations also exist):
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